Public Meetings - Erie, Pennsylvania

The Erie City Council met on February 19, 2026 (the meeting was held on February 18 but the recorded date is used as instructed) for a regular meeting that included a presentation from the Erie High School American Red Cross Club, extensive public comment on the welcoming city ordinance and other issues, passage of five ordinances on final reading, first reading of two ordinances including the controversial welcoming city ordinance, and committee reports. Key actions included approval of historic designations, funding for wastewater treatment, and a 6-1 vote to advance the welcoming city ordinance. Meeting Administration and Approvals - Council waived the rules (7-0) to add a resolution for a zoning hearing board solicitor contract, allowing the board to proceed with a pending public hearing. - Minutes from the February 4, 2026 meeting and copies of bills for February 20 and 27, 2026 were approved unanimously (7-0). Public Comments & Testimony Several community members spoke on a range of topics: - Emerson Bannon (Academy neighborhood) expressed full support for the welcoming city ordinance, arguing it is essential for Erie's growth and economy. - Fred Achepfer (City of Erie) raised concerns about snow berms and parking at Braybender Park, and also supported the welcoming city ordinance. - Tina Hyotis (East side) called for a community policing board with subpoena power, raised safety issues at housing authority properties, and urged prioritizing Erie businesses in city contracts. - Maria Chilevich criticized the lack of local news coverage and the impact of ICE, and called for more activities for seniors and children. - Abdullah Washington and Deanna Chatfield (student) spoke against ICE, with Deanna reading from "If You Give a Mouse a Cookie" to argue for kindness and opportunity. - Sister Jacqueline Sanchez Small (Benedictine Sisters) supported the welcoming city ordinance, noting the congregation's long history with immigrants. - Cole Shimley (City of Erie) spoke in favor of the ordinance, citing a reported ICE raid in Erie and arguing cooperation with ICE is harmful. - Todd Davis (East Lake Road) opposed ICE cooperation, sharing personal family concerns. - Constantine Hyotis (East side) expressed concerns about illegal immigration and called for public safety, defending ICE. - Deontay Cooley (Lifelong Erie resident) acknowledged immigrant concerns but emphasized the need for investment in the East Side of Erie, where violence and lack of opportunity persist. - Cindy Triber (Edinboro) criticized the Erie Police Department's lack of gloves and trauma kits, and called for joint training among gun task force agencies. - Susanna Faulkner (Erie Arts and Culture) urged passage of the welcoming city ordinance, citing benefits for arts, culture, and community trust. - Aaron Meisner (East side) read DHS use of force policy, opposed ICE cooperation, and called for the ordinance's passage. - Michael Woodard (Enough Blood Official) highlighted the death of Matthew Zimbrowski in a police vehicle crash and called for accountability. - Julia Jacobs (Penn State Behrend student) connected the murder of Marcello Woodard to ICE activities, calling for broader reform. - Wuji Ahmad (refugee, City of Erie) shared her family's refugee story, supported the welcoming city, and also called for support for black neighbors. - Bob Strasser (Lifelong Erie resident) discussed repurposing the Erie Coke site and urged attracting businesses and jobs. - Shane Talberg (Gannon University janitor) expressed fear for immigrant coworkers and supported the welcoming city. Discussion Items - Caucus Discussion (prior to formal meeting): Council reviewed ordinances for final passage, including ADA compliance codification (112.02) and first reading of a rules change to remove seminar report requirements. Extensive discussion occurred on the welcoming city ordinance, with Councilmember Brzezinski expressing concerns about language and police authority. Other members noted the fiscal necessity of maintaining the Welcoming America one-star designation to preserve federal funding and population growth. Council also discussed a waiver of rules to add a zoning hearing board solicitor contract, which was later approved. - Presentation: The Erie High School American Red Cross Club presented on their community service activities (park cleanup, holiday cards for veterans, CPR teaching, etc.) and promoted an upcoming blood drive on March 9, 2026 at Booker T Washington Center, featuring free sickle cell and A1C screenings. - Social Media Comments: Council members discussed the city's social media policy. Most expressed support for turning off comments on city pages due to hate speech, with Councilmember Shaw noting the public relations harm. Councilmember Paul voiced caution about limiting discussion. The administration indicated it would take the council's input into account. - Committee Reports: Council members reported on various liaisons (Airport Authority, Civic Center Authority, Sewer Authority, CDBG, Water Reserve, etc.) with an emphasis on the water reserve's investment performance and the new public safety building study session. Key Outcomes - Motion to Waive Rules (to add zoning solicitor contract): Passed 7-0. - Minutes and Bills Approved: Unanimous 7-0. - Final Passage of Five Ordinances (all 7-0): - Ordinance 12-2026: Historic designation for 411 State Street. - Ordinance 13-2026: Historic designation for 1372 West 6th Street. - Ordinance 14-2026: $1,250,000 appropriation for wastewater treatment plant chlorination disinfection project (EPA grant). - Ordinance 15-2026: $1,050,000 appropriation from Business Development Revolving Loan Fund to Urban Core Economic Recovery Revolving Loan Fund. - Ordinance 16-2026: Amendment to council rules (112.02) to improve legislative efficiency (caucus start time changed to 5:30 PM). - First Reading of Two Ordinances: - Ordinance 16596 (rules change removing seminar report requirement): Passed 7-0. - Ordinance 16597 (Welcoming City ordinance): Passed 6-1 (Councilmember Brzezinski voted no, citing need for more review). The ordinance codifies Erie's commitment to Welcoming America standards and requires a second reading for final passage. - Old Business – Erie Cemetery Historic Designation: Resolution approved 7-0 to designate the cemetery as historic and direct the solicitor to prepare a zoning map amendment. - Motion to Move the Balance of New Business (encompassing added zoning solicitor resolution and other contracts): Passed 7-0.

The City Council of Erie convened on February 4, 2026, beginning with a moment of silence for the late Dale Peelman, a former Public Works supervisor, followed by the Pledge of Allegiance. The meeting featured a public comment period regarding pedestrian safety and snow clearance, the final passage of eleven ordinances covering building codes, bond authorizations, and budget appropriations, and the first reading of seven additional ordinances including historic designations and rule amendments. A significant public hearing was held to consider designating the Erie Cemetery as a historic site, followed by new business including a street name dedication, a conditional use variance for a waterfront hotel, and the approval of repository land sales. Consent Calendar - Approvals: The minutes from the January 12th meeting and bills for payment for February 6th and 13th were approved unanimously. Public Comments & Testimony - Freda Teffer: Expressed severe concern regarding blocked sidewalks in commercial areas due to snow clearing practices by businesses, noting that piles of snow often reach 10 feet high and obstruct pedestrian access. She criticized the city for utilizing quality-of-life funds to inspect residential properties (e.g., grass height) while lacking sufficient resources to address commercial snow clearance. She advocated for a dedicated sidewalk clearing program for non-residential areas, citing Anchorage as a model. - Becky Weiser (Erie Cemetery Association): Expressed support for the historic site designation, stating the initiative is intended to secure grants for preserving historic structures like mausoleums, not for routine maintenance like mowing. She noted the association's inclusive tour programs and partnership with the Little Italy neighborhood for tulip planting. - Dr. Titus: Expressed initial concern regarding the allocation of grant money for basic maintenance (grass cutting) for living residents' benefit, but ultimately stated full support for the historic designation after clarification that the grants target structural preservation. He inquired about youth engagement and the inclusion of diverse historical narratives, expressing zero interest in preserving sites associated with slavery if any were found (none were identified). He supported the inclusion of African American history, specifically Harry Burley. - Councilmember Pole: Expressed full support for the cemetery designation, applauding the association's community engagement and noting her personal history in the Little Italy neighborhood. She distinguished the Erie Cemetery (public/association) from a privately owned cemetery on the east side that she noted has maintenance issues. - David Rinderley (Erie Cemetery Association Executive Director): Provided context on the association's potential acquisition of the adjacent Lakeside Cemetery, emphasizing its status as a community asset currently in disrepair. - Unnamed Resident (Proponent): Expressed support for the historic designation and the return of tulips to the cemetery, noting the beauty of the space. - Freda Teffer (Rebuttal): Expressed concern that the planting of 500 tulips might not align with native vegetation principles, suggesting a future focus on native landscaping to better reflect the natural environment of North America. - Councilmember Horton: Expressed support for the cemetery designation but requested a commitment to inclusive preservation efforts that tell the "whole truth" of the city's diverse history, ensuring no historical narratives are elevated at the expense of others who may have caused harm. Discussion Items - Ordinance 16583 (2026 Building Codes): Discussed the adoption of the 2021 Uniform Construction Code and international building/plumbing/swimming pool codes adopted by Pennsylvania. Councilmember Flores sponsored; Councilmember Schoff seconded. - Ordinance 16584 (Water Bonds): Discussed the authorization of $370,884 in debt for the Erie City Water Authority for galvanized service line replacement (Phase 4). Councilmember Schoff sponsored; Councilmember Troop seconded. - Rule of Council Amendments (16585 & 16595): Discussed amendments to Article 112 to improve legislative efficiency. Councilmember Titus explained that the codified rules address scheduling changes (caucus starting at 5:30 PM) and ensure ADA compliance for all meeting spaces. Councilmember Titus sponsored; Councilmember Schoff seconded. - Budget Appropriations (16586-16590): Discussed appropriations of $140,000 for the Commodore Fund, $25,000 for Police Capital Improvements, $15,000 from Mercy Terrace Apartments for police/fire equipment, $389,218.37 for Police Capital Improvements, and the repeal of Ordinance 58-2025. Councilmembers Schaft, Troop, and Titus were primary sponsors/seconders. - Historic Designations (16591-16592): Discussed amending the zoning ordinance to designate properties at 411 State Street and 1372 West 6th Street as historic structures. Councilmember Schoff sponsored; Councilmember Flores seconded. - Budget Appropriation (16594): Discussed appropriating $1,050,000 from the Business Development Revolving Loan Fund for the Urban Corps Economic Recovery Revolving Loan Fund. Councilmember Schaft sponsored; Councilmember Poll seconded. - Erie Cemetery Historic Site: A detailed discussion occurred regarding the nomination of the Erie Cemetery (2116 Chestnut Street). The City's Historic Preservation Planner presented findings that the site met criteria B (association with Emma Hay, first female superintendent of a major American cemetery), C (rural cemetery movement design), and F (prominent visual feature). Testimony confirmed the site's significance, including its 55,000 burials, the Scott Mausoleum, and its role as a registered arboretum. Councilmember Titus raised questions about grants for day-to-day maintenance, which were clarified as not applicable. Councilmember Horton raised concerns about inclusive historical narratives, which the Association addressed by noting a shift away from solely highlighting wealthy white men on tours. - Tamika Thurston Craig Way (16589): Discussed designating East 7th at East Avenue as "Tamika Thurston Craig Way." Councilmember Titus, Councilmember Troop, and Councilmember Flores offered tributes, describing Ms. Craig as a figure of genuine love, compassion, and community service, noting her role at ECAT and her personal impact on their families. - Scott Enterprises Hotel (16593): A conditional use hearing for an eight-story hotel at East Front Street. Councilmember Poll expressed concern that waterfront development is obstructing views and questioned the community benefits, advocating for community vision over developer convenience. Councilmember Titus spoke passionately from a labor perspective, noting the lack of diversity in the workforce on recent bayfront projects and the need for community benefit agreements. He expressed full support for rescheduling the hearing to the evening to allow for civic participation. A friendly amendment was passed to reschedule the hearing to a future evening session. - Repository Sales: Discussed nine repository sales. Initially, a motion was made to vote on items six through fourteen collectively. However, during the vote, Councilmembers Horton, Poll, Schaft, Troop, and Titus expressed doubt regarding the bidders' ability to clear liens and titles, noting a lack of follow-up information. Consequently, the motion to approve the repository sales failed. Key Outcomes - Ordinance 16583 (2026 Building Codes): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16584 (Water Bonds): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16585 (Rules of Council - Efficiency): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16586 (Commodore Fund): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16587 (Police Capital Improvement Fund): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16588 (Police/Fire Equipment): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16589 (Police Capital Improvement Fund): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16590 (Repeal Ordinance 58-2025): PAsSED (6-0). Adopted final passage. - Ordinance 16591 (Historic Designation 411 State): ADOPTED on FIRST READING (6-0). - Ordinance 16592 (Historic Designation 1372 West 6th): ADOPTED on FIRST READING (6-0). - Ordinance 16593 (Rules of Council - ADA Compliance): ADOPTED on FIRST READING (6-0) [Note: Transcript contains slight number discrepancy for File 16593 vs 16595, but action taken on first reading for efficiency rules]. - Ordinance 16594 (Urban Corps Fund): ADOPTED on FIRST READING (6-0). - Ordinance 16595 (Rules of Council - ADA/CAucus): ADOPTED on FIRST READING (6-0). - Resolution: Tamika Thurston Craig Way: PAsSED (6-0). East 7th at East Avenue designated in her honor. - Resolution: Scott Enterprises Hotel Hearing Status: PAsSED (6-0) as AMENDED. The hearing for the waterfront hotel is rescheduled to a future evening meeting to ensure broader civic engagement. - Vote on Repository Sales (Items 6-14): FAILED (0-6). The council voted against the sale of nine properties due to concerns regarding the bidders' financial ability to clear liens and lack of follow-up data. - Upcoming Actions: A community-driven Bayfront Master Plan is being developed by a consultant. A study session on the Erie Parking Authority is scheduled. Public hearings on the Erie Cemetery historic designation will continue to the final ordinance approval. Note: Councilmember Brzezinski was absent for the vote on the Tamika Thurston Craig Way resolution and the initial vote on the final passage of ordinances, though present for committee reports. The transcript lists 6 votes for final passage (Yay 6 Nay 0) and 6 votes for the resolution, implying a 6-member quorum was present for all key votes.

The Erie City Council convened on January 21, 2026, at 6:30 PM to address a range of legislative items, public inquiries, and community concerns. The meeting began with approval of the previous minutes and bills, followed by a detailed review of property repository sale applications and the adoption of seven ordinances. A significant portion of the time was dedicated to public comments, where residents raised critical issues regarding policing, the Home Rule Charter, AI's economic impact, sidewalk obstructions, and the safety of the city. Consent Calendar - Unanimously approved the minutes from the January 7th meeting. - Unanimously approved bills for payment scheduled for January 23rd and 30th. Public Comments & Testimony - Freder Chaper: Expressed full support for rescinding the Home Rule Charter resolution on the primary ballot, arguing against the confusion of additional ballots and the unfairness of the signature collection timeline during winter. Speaker expressed strong opposition to the current 'quality of life' program's enforcement, noting a perceived double standard where their own minor code violation (grass over 10 inches) was cited while significant neighborhood issues (hedges blocking sidewalks, snow berming, and businesses violating sidewalk closure ordinances) remained unaddressed. Additionally, speaker expressed concern regarding non-compliant LED signs (specifically Country Fair's window sign) and visual pollution. - Savannah Wilson: Stated that unchecked racist rhetoric on city-affiliated social media pages (like Facebook) creates reputational risk and civic harm. Speaker proposed turning off comments, deleting inappropriate posts, and issuing public statements to address these issues. Speaker emphasized the necessity of increased technical knowledge regarding AI, noting that algorithms are isolating people and normalizing harmful topics. - Anthony McGowan and Youth Mentoring Group: Speaker expressed gratitude for the presence of youth in the meeting. Speaker offered facilitation for future personal meetings between youth council members and the broader council. - Jennifer Kennedy: Advocated for clear communication and visible advocacy from leaders regarding the killing of Marcello Woodard, emphasizing the need for body-worn cameras and public forums to rebuild trust. Speaker expressed concern regarding the lack of clarity on ICE cooperation policies. Speaker urged a pause on the Home Rule Charter process until strong equity protections and public understanding are established. Speaker called for civilian oversight, non-police crisis response, and the application of equity lenses to budgets. - Michael Woodard: Characterized the death of Marcello Woodard as an "extra-judicial execution" by a parole agent. Speaker expressed concern that the new public safety building is prioritizing police over EMS and fire services. Speaker opposed the acquisition of MRAPs or armored vehicles. Speaker voiced that many citizens are frightened by ICE and called for limiting city cooperation with federal agents to the maximum extent legally possible. - Sidney Zimmerman: Congratulated the new leadership. Speaker emphasized the need for proactive planning regarding AI, potential ICE actions resembling those in other states (e.g., Minnesota), and community preparedness. Speaker requested a schedule for upcoming community conversations. Speaker reported receiving a late fee for a parking ticket that may have been illegal due to non-compliant parking meter signage, noting that the current code definition of a meter does not match reality. - Bob Strasser: Presented a detailed analysis on post-labor economics driven by AI. Speaker explained that as AI replaces human labor, the economic model will shift to asset ownership (universal capital approach) and government subsidies (Universal Basic Income/Services). Speaker warned that local industries like Erie Insurance may soon replace human workers with robots, necessitating local planning to ensure wealth distribution. - Brenda Spears: Described a specific instance of unfair parking enforcement where meters were non-functional, preventing payment without a credit card. Speaker cited a physical disability as a compounding factor and requested a review of the parking meter situation on the 300 block of West 8th Street. Discussion Items - Repository Sale Inquiries (Developer Group): - A developer group presenting a partnership with PNC and Truist Bank requested approval for nine vacant lots to build single-family homes (1,200–1,500 sq. ft., 2-3 bedrooms, mostly two-story) for ownership within 18–24 months. - Councilmember Pol expressed concern that the project would "change the character of the neighborhood" and stressed a desire for local homeownership rather than out-of-town property management. - Councilmember Titus raised a point of order regarding minimum frontage requirements. The Speaker clarified that a 2024 zoning amendment may allow exceptions, but the applicants must verify compliance with the Zoning Office and check specific lot conditions. - Councilmember Titus requested the Solicitor review shared parking/driveway ordinances, particularly regarding potential conflicts with seniors or shared parking situations if properties were later converted to Airbnb, though the developer stated they have no plans for Airbnb due to bank requirements to sell within two years. - The discussion highlighted the construction of homes on styrofoam slabs (kit homes) rather than traditional concrete foundations, which the Mayor confirmed is likely allowed but requires specific engineering verification regarding freeze/thaw cycles. - Outcome: No vote taken; the matter is deferred to the next agenda pending zoning consultation and plan review. - Repository Sale Inquiry (Mark Bright): - Applicant Mark Bright requested purchase of 461 East 25th Street for personal use (vehicle/camper parking) and future construction of a personal garage on a previously commercial-zoned site. - Councilmember Titus commended the applicant for being a local resident committed to property maintenance. - Outcome: No vote taken; the matter is deferred to the next agenda. - Ordinance First Readings: - 16583: Adoption of 2021 Building Codes (UCC, IBC, IEBC, IPC, ISPSC). - 16584: Authorization of $370,884 guaranteed revenue bond for water distribution facilities (Galvanized Service Line Replacement Phase 4). - 16585: Amendment to Rules of Council regarding caucus meeting efficiency. - 16586: Appropriation of $140,000 for the Flagship Commodore Fund from the Business Development Revolving Loan Fund. - 16587: Appropriation of $25,000 from Erie's Manufacturing for police capital improvement projects. - 1658: Appropriation of $15,000 from Mercy Terrace Apartments for police, fire, and winter maintenance equipment. - 16589: Appropriation of $389,218.37 for police capital and fire improvement fund projects. - 16590: Repeal of Ordinance 58 (2025), sponsored by Councilmember Titus. Key Outcomes - Ordinances Adopted on First Reading: All seven ordinances (16583, 16584, 16585, 16586, 16587, 1658, 16589, 16590) passed with a vote of 7-0. - Resolution on Separations: Passed 7-0. - Deferred Matters: Two repository sale applicants (the development partnership and Mark Bright) were directed to await the next meeting. - Directives to Staff/Committee: - Solicitor instructed to review shared parking driveway ordinances and potential conflicts regarding Airbnb. - Applicants instructed to contact the Zoning Office to verify lot frontage requirements and foundation/technology compliance. - Mayor Devlin announced the release of the Transition Team Report on Tuesday, January 27th, and a City Hall workshop on February 6th. - Administration confirmed work is underway on a written plan regarding ICE cooperation to maintain "Welcoming Cities" status. - Overhaul of authorities, boards, and commissions nomination process noted as a priority. - Committee Reports: Council members expressed support for the Streets department, paid tribute to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the late James Sherrod, and emphasized transparency and accountability as administrative goals.

The City Council of Erie convened on January 7, 2026, at 9:00 a.m. to inaugurate the new administration, elect Tyler Titus as President and Kathy Schaaf as Vice President, and advance legislative business including ordinances and committee reports. The meeting featured public commentary on affordability, park renovations, and the ongoing pursuit of justice for Marcello Woodard. Consent Calendar - Unanimous adoption of minutes from the December 23–25, 2025, Special Meeting and the January 5, 2026, Induction Meeting. - Approval of bills for payment scheduled for January 9, 2026, and January 16, 2026. - The Council file bill regarding the "Repository Sale" was noted with no public bidders and moved forward without action. Public Comments & Testimony - Emerson Bannon Coutree (Academy, City of Erie): Expressed hope that the new council would deliver on a mandate to improve affordability for working people, expand the cooperative sector, and grow the city's population. Offered their services as a resource for policy research and data backing. - Michael Keys (Erie, Pennsylvania): Requested that the renovation of Roger Young Park be placed back on the forward agenda to utilize the city's grants department, citing a previously approved $2.3 million resolution that had stalled. Expressed support for prioritizing a full recreational center and opening dialogue regarding a pedestrian bridge to enhance safety. - Mimi O'Connor (On behalf of Justice for Cello): Expressed gratitude for the Council's previous resolution supporting transparency and accountability. Demanded that the Council continue to work alongside the family of Marcello Woodard to ensure policy reform and justice, emphasizing that the tension surrounding the case reflects the broader reality for Black and Brown citizens. - Shradha Prabhu (Resident of Erie, PA): Expressed hope and excitement regarding the majority-minority composition of the board and the leadership of Mayor Davlin. Expressed solidarity with Dr. Titus regarding their identity as a trans person and spouse, stating that love should feel like justice. Discussion Items - Leadership Elections: - Councilmember Schaff nominated Tyler Titus for City Council President; Councilmember Flores seconded. Councilmember Schaff expressed full support, citing Titus's hands-on and informative leadership as Vice President. - Councilmember Titus nominated Kathy Schaaf for City Council Vice President; Councilmember Flores seconded. - Both resolutions passed unanimously (7-0). - Executive Session: The Council moved into executive session for personnel discussions with a unanimous vote (7-0). - Ordinances for Final Passage: - Official File Ordinance 1-2026 (West 27th Street and Washington Avenue stopping ordinances) passed unanimously (7-0). - Official File Ordinance 2-2026 (Appropriation of $742,429 from ARP fund interest for the Capital Improvement Fund) passed unanimously (7-0). - Official File Ordinance 3-2026 (Rezoning of property at Hillcrest Avenue from R1 to C2) passed unanimously (7-0). - Committee Reports: Council members Brzezinski, Flores, Horton, Paul, Schaaf, and Titus, along with the Mayor and Controller, delivered reports congratulating the new administration, discussing accessibility initiatives, and emphasizing collaboration and equity. Key Outcomes - Elections: Tyler Titus elected City Council President; Kathy Schaaf elected City Council Vice President. - Voting Tallies: All resolutions and ordinances discussed during the public meeting passed with a vote of 7-0. - Strategic Directives: - The Council reiterated a commitment to transparency, accessibility, and equity in building the city. - The Mayor's office committed to continuing "Coffee with the Mayor" and community conversations to ensure resident input. - The administration pledged to meet with PFM soon to discuss the five-year financial plan. - Adjournment: The meeting concluded at 9:58 a.m.

A special meeting of the Erie City Council was convened on December 23, 2025, at 5:30 PM to address a single agenda item regarding the transfer of ownership and operation of the Erie Zoo. The meeting was attended by all seven council members, with Vice President Brzezinski and Schoff participating via Zoom. The session began with the approval of previous minutes, a brief interlude to hear a public commendation of Council President Witherspoon, and a statement of gratitude from the Zoo's leadership before proceeding to the final passage of the key ordinance. Consent Calendar - Minutes from the December 17, 2025 meeting were approved unanimously. Public Comments & Testimony - Ruco Jancy, President and CEO of the Zoo (represented on behalf of the Zoo), attended to publicly thank Council President Witherspoon and Councilman Nelson for their leadership and for convening the special meeting to authorize the transfer of the Zoo. - Jancy expressed a position of deep gratitude, stating that the Council's vote represents "thoughtful leadership" and a "shared belief that the zoo is worth protecting." - Jancy highlighted that the Zoo is a community asset that has been ensured a "stable and vibrant future" through "public partners." - No members of the public expressed opposition or alternative positions. Discussion Items - Ordinance 90, 2025 (File 16580): Council read and discussed an amendment to authorize the transfer of 96 acres of land to the Erie County Convention Center Authority. The purpose of the transfer is to allow the Authority to take ownership and operation of the Erie Zoo pending necessary approvals from the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and the National Park Service. The ordinance also authorizes the City to enter into lease agreements to continue operating the surrounding picnic grounds and golf course. Key Outcomes - Final Passage of Ordinance: Official Ordinance 90, 2025, as amended, was finally passed with a unanimous vote. - Vote Tally: The vote tally was 7-0 (Yea-7, Nay-0), with all seven council members (Witherspoon, Brzezinski, Flores, Nelson, Schoff, Titus, and Troop) voting in favor. - Directive: The City is directed to proceed with the transfer of 96 acres to the Erie County Convention Center Authority and the entry into lease agreements for adjacent recreational areas. - The meeting was adjourned at 5:51 PM.

The Erie City Council convened on December 17, 2025, marking the final regular meeting for several departing officials, including Mayor Joe Shember, Council Presidents Mel Witherspoon and Chuck Nelson, and Solicitor Ed Brzezinski. The meeting was characterized by a blend of routine legislative business and intense public commentary driven primarily by the community's demand for justice in the killing of Marcello Woodard. While the Council unanimously honored the departing members and advanced several land transfer and budget ordinances, public testimony highlighted deep frustration regarding the lack of police accountability and official responses to the District Attorney and Governor regarding the Woodard case. Consent Calendar - The Council voted unanimously (7-0) to approve the minutes of December 3, 2025. - The Council voted unanimously (7-0) to approve bills for payment on December 19, 26, and January 2, 2026. Public Comments & Testimony - Dave Ewling: Expressed full support for the ordinance authorizing the transfer of 96 acres to the Erie Zoo and the Erie County Convention Center Authority, emphasizing the need for immediate action to ensure long-term zoo viability. - Malcolm Pooly (speaking for the family of Marcello Woodard): Expressed that the District Attorney is "governing this case as if it is a Jim Crow case" and stated that the white probations officer who killed the unarmed black man should not be walking free. The speaker demanded the District Attorney recuse herself and called for the officer to be jailed immediately. - Deontay Cooley: Expressed full support for the Council's 7-0 vote on the resolution for Justice for Marcello but criticized the lack of response from the District Attorney and Governor Shapiro. The speaker advocated for the community to collaborate with City Council on a trip to Harrisburg and requested continued support for establishing a Community Review Board to interact with the police. - Jerry Roberts: Expressed appreciation for the Council's 7-0 resolution but urged the Council to "pull together" with the community to help raise Marcello's son, asking for understanding of the community's pain rather than just procedural actions. - Jennifer Kennedy: Expressed gratitude for the 7-0 vote and the renaming of 21st Street, and requested specific updates on the status of the resolution sent to the District Attorney and Governor, asking what the "next steps" are if no response is received. - Tina Hyotis: Supported applying pressure to have the District Attorney removed due to perceived bias and impropriety. The speaker also expressed concern for low-income elderly housing residents regarding transients and drug residue in common areas, suggesting the city review management contracts. - Mimi O'Connor: Expressed that the holiday peace should apply to all citizens and demanded the arrest, indictment, and conviction of the parole officer who killed Marcello. The speaker called for the city to ask the Black and Brown community for forgiveness, pledged concrete financial dedication to the community, and supported the continuation of the "Erie's Black Wall Street" initiative despite its recent voting down. - Freder Tepford: Expressed frustration that the parole officer remains "at large and unaffected" for 168 days. The speaker requested that tree removal for the zoo be subject to strict scrutiny and asked the Council to work on "sane" methods for repository sales to avoid selling city property for $250 to out-of-town businesses. - Carla Arnone: Expressed that the community is tired of the injustice and performed a song listing 63 unarmed Black people killed by police. The speaker requested immediate "action steps" for a trip to Harrisburg, including a bus charter and sign-up list. - Jared Stasheski: Expressed concern over the lack of response from Governor Shapiro to letters sent last week and requested information on the mailing date and follow-up plans. - Willie Dixon: Emphasized that "the opposite of poverty isn't wealth, it's justice" and stated that the justice system is failing by allowing the parole officer to work free while Marcello's family suffers. The speaker demanded the Council stand "100 percent" behind the community with "no middle ground." - Diana Chatfield: Stated that the community must take accountability for the lack of justice to prevent youth from acting out without fear of consequences. The speaker expressed disappointment in the Governor and the Council for not holding officials accountable. - Casey Walker: Expressed full support for the community seeking justice for Marcello and shared personal testimony of systemic racism and abuse within the Erie County Jail, including mocking of inmates, threats regarding Juarez, and alleged intentional starvation of inmates in segregation. - Councilmember Brzezinski: Expressed sympathy for the Woodard family during the holidays but stated personally that he has not yet received any information regarding the status of the resolution sent to the District Attorney or Governor. - Councilmember Flores: Expressed gratitude to the City's staff and community for the successful downtown delice event and reminded citizens to clear sidewalks. - Councilmember Titus: Expressed appreciation for the departing officials, noting Mayor Shember's genuine commitment and Councilman Nelson's depth of knowledge in all topics. - Councilmember True: Expressed that Councilman Nelson "knows the stuff" regarding wrestling, sports, politics, and finances, and praised Mayor Shember for starting the conversation on tackling racism. - Councilmember Schaff: Expressed gratitude to the departing officials, acknowledging Mayor Shember's established team made the transition easier, and thanked Councilman Nelson for his admirable decision not to seek re-election. - Councilmember Brzezinski: Expressed appreciation for Councilman Nelson's role in the "quiet giant" legacy and thanked Mayor Shember for his "calming wisdom." Discussion Items - Zoo Transfer: Discussion occurred regarding the transfer of 96 acres to the Erie County Convention Center Authority. Councilmember Titus sponsored the ordinance to allow the Authority to take over operation of the zoo, while the city retains operations of the surrounding picnic grounds and golf course. - Repository Sales: Council discussed proposals to sell abandoned properties via repository sales. The Council voted against selling one property (East 26th Street) and a second property (Buffalo Road) because the applicants failed to provide sufficient evidence to meet the established standards for property maintenance and community benefit. - Home Rule Charter: The Council was reminded by a citizen to schedule a petition signing event for those wishing to serve on the Home Rule Charter Commission. - Light Ordinance: A citizen urged the Council to ensure new light and display permits comply with the LED ordinance to avoid light pollution for residents. - Waste Management: A citizen raised concerns about the waste management contractor's failure to clean sidewalks and vegetation on Raspberry Street, describing it as a school route for children. Key Outcomes - Ordinances Final Passed: - Ordinance 83-2025: Increased the garbage collection fee from $3,062 to $3,229.30 annually (Vote: 6-1, Councilmember Flores voted Nay). - Ordinance 84-2025: Appropriated $400,000 for street lighting and traffic signals (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 85-2025: Appropriated $115,500 for the Strategic Management Program (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 86-2025: Appropriated $20,507,447.17 from the Capital Bond Fund for the public safety complex (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 87-2025: Adopted the general fund and other budgets for the fiscal year 2026 (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 88-2025: Fixed the tax rate at 14.12 mils for the fiscal year 2026 (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinances First Reading: - Ordinance 88/16579: Adoption of stop signs at six intersections (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 88/16580: Authorization to transfer 96 acres to the Erie County Convention Center Authority for zoo operations (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 88/16581: Appropriation of $742,429 from the ARP fund for the Capital Improvement Fund (Vote: 7-0). - Ordinance 88/16582: Rezoning of Hillcrest Avenue property from R1 to C2 (Vote: 7-0). - Resolutions Passed: - Waterfront Conditional Use: Approved the construction of 30 units by Mick Erie Partners LP (Vote: 7-0). - Repository Sales: Two sales failed; the Council voted 0-7 to reject the sale of the East 26th Street property (Vote: 7-0 against) and the Buffalo Road property (Vote: 7-0 against) due to insufficient evidence of maintenance capability. - Appointments & Honors: - Angela McNair: Appointed to the Erie County Human Relations Advisory Board (Vote: 7-0). - Street Renaming: Designated East 21st Street near German as "Mother Mary Beth and Reverend Charles Senior Kennedy Way" (Vote: 7-0). - Loan Approval: Ratified a $1 million loan for Eastside Renaissance Inc. (Vote: 6-0, Councilmember Titus abstained). - Commendations: Passed resolutions commending Teresa Stankevich (12 years as Controller), Chuck Nelson (4 years on Council), and Mel Witherspoon (22 years on Council) for their dedicated service. - Future Actions: The Council acknowledged the community's desire for a trip to Harrisburg to advocate for Justice for Marcello but did not set a specific date or commit to official travel during this meeting. Members expressed continued frustration regarding the lack of response from the District Attorney and Governor Shapiro to the December 3rd resolution.

On December 11, 2025, the Erie City Council received an initial project update from Bill Wazileski of Mullin and Lonegan Associates regarding the newly commissioned Comprehensive Housing Plan. The presentation outlined the necessity of the study, noting that Erie has never previously adopted such a plan, while highlighting critical local challenges including an aging housing stock, a 7,479 resident population loss since 2012, and a significant disconnect between rising housing costs and stagnant wages. The consultant detailed their data-driven methodology, including gap analyses, neighborhood-level demographic profiling, and a feasibility study for the Erie Heights affordable housing development. The session concluded with a discussion on outreach strategies and the council's strong desire for robust community engagement to ensure the plan addresses the needs of low-to-moderate-income residents. Consent Calendar - [No items mentioned; the session was a direct presentation and discussion.] Public Comments & Testimony - Council Member (Unidentified): Expressed concern that community involvement might be insufficient if residents are not informed early enough; emphasized the need to notify neighborhood watch groups, food pantries, and the school district to avoid relying on the same small group of participants. Expressed support for a process that ensures adequate lead time and diverse location representation. - Council Member (Unidentified): Shared a personal narrative of purchasing a home at age 25 with a 35-year mortgage and $499 down payment in 1987, noting that current economic conditions make this unattainable for young adults today. Expressed strong support for addressing the "missing middle" housing market and highlighted a successful $10,000 down payment grant program from "Erie Black Wall Street" that helped a resident qualify for a home despite a $40,000 salary. - Council Member (Unidentified): Highlighted the issue of loan eligibility barriers, specifically the impact of arrest records and child support arrears preventing residents from securing mortgages. Expressed curiosity about whether data collection would reveal patterns of redlining or discrimination in rental versus homeownership opportunities. - Council Member (Unidentified): Voiced fear regarding gentrification, noting that while Erie is currently affordable, the local job market does not match housing costs, potentially leading to wealthy remote workers displacing long-term residents. Expressed support for gathering data to help local colleges and schools prepare residents to remain in the city. - Council Member (Unidentified): Expressed concern about the impact of student loan debt on housing ability, noting that graduates with high debt loads are effectively priced out of the market. Expressed support for first-time homebuyer programs and closing cost assistance. - Council Member (Unidentified): Noted the presence of out-of-town investors purchasing poor-condition properties without rental registration, negatively impacting the immigrant and refugee populations. Agreed that out-of-town investors are a significant issue affecting housing conditions. - Bill Wazileski (Consultant): Clarified that the study covers all market segments (market rate, affordable, rental, and for-sale) and confirmed that data analysis will specifically include Airbnb conversion impacts and the examination of outdated zoning codes. Discussion Items - Project Scope and Analysis Methodology: The consultant described the plan as an objective, data-driven analysis of current housing conditions, specifically looking at cost burden (households paying over 30% of income on housing), blight clusters, and housing gaps by income and tenure (renter vs. owner). The methodology includes a "gap analysis" to identify mismatches between household income and available housing units. - Data Sources and Findings: The consultant cited ACS data, Board of Realtors data, and city department data. Key findings presented include a median home sales price of $158,361 in 2025 (a 34% increase since 2018), a median gross rent of $836 in 2023 (likely higher currently), and a rental vacancy rate of 7.6% compared to a 5% state average. The consultant noted a very low owner-occupied vacancy rate of less than 1%. - Outreach Strategy: The consultant outlined a schedule of in-person stakeholder sessions (completed for the week), 10 virtual sessions planned for January/February, and neighborhood meetings likely scheduled for late February or early March. A "budgeting exercise" using fake dollars was discussed as a method to gauge community priorities regarding rental vs. affordable housing needs. - Erie Heights Feasibility Study: A specific component of the assignment involves a feasibility study for the Erie Heights development on the west side, including schematics for rehabilitation and expansion of affordable units, with an architect involved. - Zoning and Policy Recommendations: Discussion focused on the need to update antiquated zoning codes, potentially adopting form-based codes to encourage mixed-use and "missing middle" housing. The concept of an affordable housing overlay district requiring a percentage of affordable units or a contribution to a trust fund was explored. - Financial Barriers and Solutions: The group discussed the difficulty of securing mortgages due to debt-to-income ratios, specifically for residents with student loans. The consultant noted that 1980s income levels could have supported a home of $140,000, whereas today's median home prices exceed $200,000, making ownership difficult without down payment and closing cost assistance programs. - Comparison to Other Markets: The consultant compared Erie's situation to Pittsburgh, noting that Pittsburgh faces even more extreme affordability issues, with some areas seeing costs 400% relative to income. Key Outcomes - Project Authorization: The City Council has authorized the procurement of a comprehensive housing plan by Mullin and Lonegan Associates, acknowledging the lack of a previous housing plan. - Timeline Commitment: The consultant committed to finalizing stakeholder outreach lists by sending current invite lists to the Council and coordinating with the new administration's chief of staff to ensure broad community participation before neighborhood meetings in late February. - Data Collection Directives: The Council directed the consultant to include specific data on out-of-town investor activity, Airbnb conversions, and barriers to lending (records, child support) in the final analysis. - Document Review Process: The consultant agreed to present a final draft to the Mayor and City Council for review and comment before public release, with a promise to include a "missing middle" analysis and actionable strategies for the next five years. - Collaboration Acknowledgement: The consultant confirmed communication with the Land Bank, Housing Authority, and previous study authors (including Inverness Erie and Infinite Erie reports) to ensure the plan builds on existing data without duplicating services.

The Erie City Council convened on Wednesday, December 3, 2025, at 9:00 a.m. to address a range of routine administrative matters, zoning changes, and capital investments. The meeting was marked by extensive public testimony focused primarily on the death of Marcello Woodard, which occurred on July 2, 2025, with citizens demanding transparency, accountability, and policy reform. Council members also honored community leaders and acknowledged the recent deaths of local residents, including Mr. James Sherrod and Michael Mindrella. Consent Calendar - Minutes and Bills: Motion to approve the minutes from the November 19th City Council meeting and bills for payment on December 5th and 12th. The motion passed with members Brzezinski, Flores, Nelson, Schaff, Titus, Troop, and Witherspoon voting "aye." Public Comments & Testimony - Kenneth Bounds: Expressed strong opposition to the city's denial of liability regarding sewage backflow incidents in the Frontier and Mill Creek area, arguing the city had prior knowledge since 2017. He requested action on inadequate storm drains and questioned why residents face recurring flooding. - Michelle Dovershaw: Delivered an emotional tribute and song for Marcello Woodard, expressing full support for justice for his family. She condemned the city's lack of action and criticized the silence from leadership. - Jared Stasheski: Expressed support for the resolution seeking transparency in the Marcello Woodard case. He urged the city to follow up on a letter sent to Governor Shapiro in July and emphasized the need for a response. - Jennifer Kennedy: Expressed full support for the resolution, stating that a "yes" vote is essential for justice and accountability. She highlighted the urgent need for the District Attorney's office to provide public updates and structural assurances. - Unidentified Speaker: Expressed full support for naming a street after Mr. James Sherrod. He criticized the lack of advocacy from council members on social media regarding the Woodard case compared to other issues, calling for consistent advocacy for the entire city. - Unidentified Speaker: Stated full support for the Justice for Marcello resolution, acknowledging the tragedy and emphasizing that community members will not leave until justice is served. He praised Councilmember Witherspoon for a civil conversation. - Mimi O'Connor: Expressed full support for the resolution and the demand for transparency. She argued that withholding respect for human life constitutes moral cowardice and called for identifying the source of the injustice. - Unidentified Speaker: Warned that failure to address the Woodard case and police brutality could lead to civil unrest and riots reminiscent of historical events in Harlem, Los Angeles, and Miami. He urged council members to act immediately to prevent Erie from suffering economic and social devastation. - Shataria Franklin: Expressed deep emotional urgency for the resolution, speaking as Marcello Woodard's mother. She urged the council to understand the impact on families and to enact policies that prevent future tragedies, acknowledging systemic racism. - Michael Woodard (Marcello's son): Expressed full support for an independent investigation, citing a conflict of interest involving the District Attorney and the parole agent meeting on a podcast. He presented a petition demanding transparency. - Martha Watuku: Expressed full support for the resolution, stating that the community must take action to prevent systemic racism from claiming more lives, noting that the city's inaction risks national attention. - Unidentified Speaker: Urged the passage of the resolution to ensure future safety and equality. He criticized the lack of action over 154 days and called for a review committee and DA recusal. - Kathy G.D. Mitchell: Expressed full support for the resolution, highlighting the heartbreak of realizing "liberty and justice for all" does not apply to people of color. She prayed for council members to feel the community's anguish. - Savannah Wilson: Expressed solidarity with Major Woodard and full support for the resolution, citing personal trauma from witnessing the death of Michael Mandrella. She demanded an end to the cycle of violence. - Cindy Triver: Expressed full support for the resolution and emphasized the emotional impact on Marcello's son, Major. She cited Pennsylvania law regarding the appearance of impropriety due to the District Attorney's relationship with the parole agent. - Fred A. Tepford: Expressed full support for the resolution. He also raised concerns about snow plowing accessibility, the impact of the President's attacks on Somali immigrants, and the potential targeting of nonprofits under NSPM-7. - Susanna Faulkner: Expressed full support for the resolution but argued it is the "bare minimum." She strongly recommended that the city travel to Harrisburg to demand state policy changes and that the resolution be sent to state offices. - Brenda Spears: Expressed support for the resolution but argued the council must go further to demand answers, not just symbolic gestures. - Lori (Council Staff): Explained the procedural context of the agenda items, noting that items were not pulled for individual votes due to the likelihood of a unanimous passage. Discussion Items - Street Renaming (James C. Shira): Councilwoman Flores sponsored a resolution to rename Chestnut Street (between West 3rd and 4th) as James C. Shira Way to honor his contributions to the community. Councilmember Titus supported the motion. The council approved the resolution unanimously. - Community Solar Legislation: A resolution was passed urging the Pennsylvania legislature to pass House Bill 504 (Community Energy Act). The environmental caucus recommended the measure, and members discussed its potential economic and environmental benefits. The resolution passed unanimously. - Marcello Woodard Resolution (Resolution 7): Councilmember Titus proposed a resolution requesting transparency from the District Attorney and Probation and Parole boards regarding the death of Marcello Woodard. Amendments were successfully moved to include the Coroner and to request the release of the death certificate. The resolution was voted on by voice vote and passed unanimously. - Repository Sale (Resolutions 9 & 10): Council members Brzezinski and Flores opposed the sale of two vacant lots for $250 to an out-of-state entity (J & M International Holding Group), arguing it prioritizes personal financial gain over community benefit and does not serve local residents. Consequently, a motion to table both resolutions passed unanimously. - Water Authority Appointment: The reappointment of Dave Pilatos to the Erie City Water Authority was discussed. Councilmember Flores expressed support based on the Water Authority's recommendation, and the resolution passed unanimously. Key Outcomes - Resolution 25-2025 Passed Unanimously: The Erie City Council adopted Resolution 25-2025 (Marcello Woodard), which formally requests transparency from the District Attorney and Probation and Parole Board, invites representatives to a public meeting, and directs the Clerk to send certified copies to the Governor, State Police, and other state officials. - Street Renaming Approved: The renaming of Chestnut Street to James C. Shira Way was approved for installation, with hopes for dedication on Martin Luther King Day. - Repository Sales Tabled: Resolutions regarding the sale of vacant lots to out-of-state purchasers (Resolutions 9 and 10) were tabled pending further review. - Community Solar Resolution Approved: The call for the Pennsylvania legislature to pass the Community Energy Act was adopted by a 7-0 vote. - Appointment Approvals: The reappointment of Dave Pilatos to the Water Authority and the appropriation of funds for the Comprehensive Housing Strategy study session were approved. - Zoning Approvals: The waterfront conditional use for McEerie Partners (30 units) and the rezoning of a commercial parcel by D. Baldwin were approved (7-0). - Budget and Ordinances: Several appropriations for street lighting, capital bond proceeds, and the Strategic Management Program were approved on first reading by a 7-0 vote. - Adjournment: The meeting was adjourned at 11:24 a.m. Council members Witherspoon, Brzezinski, Nelson, Schaff, and Titus remained; Flores left early for a job, and Troop departed at 11:18 a.m.

The City Council convened to review the proposed budget, focusing on operational adjustments in Finance, Payroll, and Purchasing, alongside a detailed examination of the Capital Budget. Staff presentations highlighted significant concerns regarding salary competitiveness to retain new staff, the complexity of modernizing purchasing systems, and a critical shortfall in capital funds for essential infrastructure and vehicle replacements in 2026. The meeting concluded with administrative corrections to salary line items and a recommendation to alter funding strategies for specific projects. Consent Calendar - No specific consent items were read or voted upon in the transcript; however, the Finance Director noted two administrative corrections: a $2,000 removal from the Council budget for a duplicate president's raise, and a transfer to add a missed $2,000 raise for a staff member in the Economic Development Department. Public Comments & Testimony - No public comments or testimony were recorded in the transcript. Discussion Items - Finance and Administration Staffing: The Finance Director expressed concern over high staff turnover due to salary disparities, noting that institutional knowledge is lost when staff leave for better-paying positions. The Director stated that new salary increases are necessary to bring salaried staff levels commensurate with the non-salaried staff they supervise. A staff member reported handling approximately $100 million in grant revenue (including the ARP grant) with a team expecting to manage fewer grants, highlighting the need for retention. - Payroll Training: The Director explained a $500 addition to the training budget to compensate for unused funds from a short-staffed year. The goal is to encourage certification and education for three newly hired staff members and stay current with legal changes. - Purchasing Department: Jeannie Ardillo (Purchasing) detailed a transformation of the department, noting the position had been vacant until April. Key updates included moving to electronic record management, updating purchasing thresholds to parallel third-class cities, and utilizing the Penn Record Management platform to improve vendor access and competitive bidding. She also noted an ongoing update to the Finance Plus accounting system to ensure purchase orders tie directly into accounting for tighter internal controls. - General Government Expenses: Discussion covered various line items including unemployment estimates, audit fees (Birkheimer), legal services (solicitor salary), and risk management insurance. Specific allocations for the Regional Chamber increased to $50,000. Concerns were raised regarding the Zoo's budget inclusion, with the Council noting uncertainty about the Zoo's future status and insurance payments from the risk fund. The League of Cities was praised for its educational platform and legislative updates, with members citing recent attendance at their conferences as highly beneficial. - Capital Budget: The Capital Budget presented a total need of approximately $3.6 million for 2026. Key items identified include a $1.6 million rescue pumper already ordered, a tow truck, a skid loader for the parks lot, a police locker room project, five police interceptor patrol cars, building maintenance (including HVAC issues and elevator repairs), and fencing improvements. Staff noted that estimated funds from the water reserve ($1.794 million) and ARP interest ($742,000) total approximately $2.5 million, leaving a gap. A proposal was made to move the funding source for the "Miller Brothers" roof project from the capital budget to the bond issue to free up capital funds. The Council expressed immediate support for this change, though a resolution to pay from capital had already been passed, requiring a transfer resolution in a future meeting. Key Outcomes - Budget Corrections Approved: A $2,000 deduction was made from the Council budget for a duplicate raise, and a $2,000 raise was added to the Economic Development budget via inter-departmental transfer. - Funding Strategy Recommendation: The Council agreed to recommend a transfer resolution to move the funding of the Miller Brothers roof project to the bond issue rather than the capital budget, a decision to be acted upon at the next meeting. - Capital Needs Identified: A $3.6 million capital requirement was confirmed for 2026, driven by the rescue pumper and vehicle fleet replacements, with a recognized funding gap pending the resolution of roof project funding and water reserve utilization.